The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of several tooth whitening material,
carbamide peroxide 10%, 15%, 20% and hydrogen peroxide 38% toward BHK-21 cell
using MTT assay. Each well of microplates which used for the test were aliquotted BHK21

cell suspension, after that the test solution were added to eight well each group,
respectively. The result showed that percentages of the living cell at 10% carbamide
peroxide group = 86,73%; 15% = 81,22%; 20% = 81,82%; 38% hidrogen peroksida =
64,08%, respectively. Anova test and LSD showed no significant difference between 10%,
15%, 20% groups, but there are significant toward 38% group and control. The 38%
hydrogen peroxide group is expectable to be more cytotoxic than those containing 10%
carbamide peroxide, which is equivalent to 3.6% hidrogen peroxide. Conclusion.
The10%, 15%, 20 % carbamide peroxide and 38% hydrogen peroxide tooth whitening
agents were not cytotoxic toward BHK-21 cell line using MTT assay within CD

This case reported a female patient aged 30 years was treated with orthognathy
surgery in Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Bandung. Based on clinical and radiological
examinations, model study and photography, diagnosis of skeletal dysgnathy class II
was established. The orthodontic treatment is a preparation before surgical operation
to achieve stability in optimal dental interdigitation. In operation, BSSO, chinplasty,
and V-Y plastic upper lip as well as intermaxillary fixation (IMF) ligation was carried
out at the dentofacial position class I. At day-16, radiography was carried out to
evaluate the surgical outcome and the bone position. At day-21, the opening of jaws
was 1.5 cm; and at day-42, the patient was reconsulted to orthodontist, and to
physical medicine and rehabilitation In month-3, occlusion, facial profile and
harmony, and jaw functions showed the satisfying outcome, though for the
interdigitation stabilization, the rubber elastics was still installed.

Hemangioma is a vascular benign tumor frequently found in childhood and about
30% manifests itself in head and neck areas. This lesion is frequently found in lip,
tongue and buccal mucosal areas. Its etiology is conjectured to be related to the
proliferation of abnormalities of endothelium cells. According to its type, hemangioma
is divided into capillary, cavernous, and mixed hemangioma. Surgery is indicated in
cases that cause complications. A case of hemangioma was reported in the lower lip
of an eight-year-old girl. The patient accompanied by her parents visited the Special
Dental Care Clinic, Department of Oral Surgery, Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Bandung,
with the complaint of having reddish bruises on the lower lip, which impeded the
speaking and masticating function. Before radiotherapy was performed at the
Radiology Polyclinic, mouth preparation was provided for all his teeth first, for the
purpose of improving oral hygiene and preventing focal infection present in the
intraoral condition.

Orthodontic tooth movement is a complex process, in which cellular and chemical
changes occur. When a force is applied onto a tooth, it causes tissue injury,
compression of periodontal ligament and bone deformation. These procedures lead to
followed by certain biochemical reactions at cellular level which results in bone
remodeling. Thus a process of signal transduction occurs. In this process, some
messengers are released, including prostaglandin. Prostaglandin is an arachidonic
acid metabolite, released when cell membrane is deformed. Prostaglandin,
particularly PGE
, play a role in bone metabolism and orthodontic tooth movement.
Prostaglandin will stimulate the release of second messengers, i.e. cAMP and calcium
intracellular. These second messengers will activate osteoclasts. Prostaglandin will
also induce RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor κβ ligand) to initiate
osteoclasts differentiation. Some researchers proved that application of prostaglandin
in orthodontic treatment can accelerate tooth movement.

Irrigation of root canal is an essential part that supports the success of root canal
treatment as it removes necrotic tissues, microorganisms and dentin chips from
infected root canal through flushing of irrigants. Despite its usefulness as an
antimicrobial agent, irrigants are also toxic that can cause irritations when
inadvertently forced into the periapical tissue. The choice of irrigants needs good
knowledge of irrigants’ characteristics, undertsanding an appropriate technique of
irrigation, and type of microorganisms involved in root canal infection that support
the effectiveness of irrigants. This paper is aimed to discuss the characteristics of
some irrigants commonly used in root canal treatment and also to present the results
obtained from some clinical investigations.