Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is a common inflammatory oral disease. The etiology remains unclear; however
some studies and case reports showed any association between estradiol and progesteron level in this disease. The aim
of this article is to evaluate estradiol and progesteron level in RAS subjects. Purposive sampling was used in this study
with 15 total subjects. Phase of luteal and ulcer reccurence characteristic are based on quisioner data. Estradiol and
progesterone level is examined by vena serum. Only one sample (6.7%)showed higher estradiol level than normal and
the rest (93.3%) are in normal level. Contrastly, 3 samples (20%)were in normal for progesterone level, while the
others, 12 samples (80%)were in low level. Estradiol level in RAS subjects tend to normal range, while progesterone
levels tend to be low

To overcome the failure of cement adhesive bond between tooth and metal surfaces, a variety of alternative treatments
is applied to the metal and tooth surfaces. In order to overcome this disadvantage, this study deals with the treatment
on the metal surface in mesh form. This research examined different mesh sizes of 40, 60 and 80 mesh to the metal
surface treatment in shear bond strength of adhesive resin cement. 40 pairs of upper central incisors samples were
prepared in palatal surfaces with a thickness of 0.3 mm and made a pattern of blue wax. The samples were divided into
four groups; three mesh treatment groups (40, 60 and 80) and a control group (no mesh). In the treatment groups, a
mesh was positioned to the opposing surface of wax pattern to the tooth preparation surface, was casted with nickelchromium

alloy, attached to the palatal surface of the teeth with adhesive resin cement, immersed in artificial saliva
for 24 hours at 37°C. Moreover, shear bond strength test and residual resin cement on the metal surface were tested in
Laboratory of the Department of Metallurgical Engineering. Data was analyzed using one-way ANOVA (p=0.05).
Shear bond strength adherence of mesh plates 60 was found greater than 40, 80 and control group. Stereomicroscope
inspection of adhesive resin cement remaining on mesh 60 was similar than 40, but more than mesh 80 or control
group. It was concluded shear bond strength of adhesive resin cement to metal surfaces depends on the size of mesh
used, and shear bond strength of adhesive resin cement that still intact on the mesh surface.

Cleft lip and palate abnormalities in infant are the most common birth defect. This abnormality caused by failure of the
fusing at the middle side of the facial frame on the week 4 to 10 of pregnancy. This abnormalities may occur together
or separately. The coordination of the lip, tongue, palate and jaws become inadequate so there is changes in the ability
to suck, to swallow, weak muscle function and oral structure function so that the infant maybe unable to suck properly.
Feeding plate use to overcome disproblem, so that the infant can have good nutrition. In infant with complete bilateral
cleft lip and palate with protrusive premaxilla the utilization of this feeding device with the strapping extra oral rubber
elastic orthodontic and hypapix is sure. In this paper will be discuss the utilization of device with the addition elastic
orthodontic rubber in patient with complete bilateral cleft lip and palate. This feeding intervention is quiet effective, the
sucking reflects of the infant become stronger and the premaxilla profile becomes more retruded that makes the
surgeon get an optimal surgical result easier.

Although only one, tooth loss, can cause a wide range of problems. They are difficulty of chewing, shifting teeth, and
aesthetics problems. There are two categories of dentures, namely removable and fixed dentures. Lately, the paradigm
of tooth loss rehabilitation has changed. Removable denture has been used in a long period, but this alternative
treatment has several disadvantages. Fixed denture is preferred especially for a single tooth loss because of the
comfort and resemblance to natural teeth. Currently, implant supported fixed denture is an option in replacing the
fixed denture. Its advantages are no teeth reduction needed and ultimate emerging profile. In these three cases,
reported comfort of using dental implants, especially in the case of single tooth loss. At control stage, the function of
mastication and aesthetic factors was also uncomplaint.

Endosseous dental implants are the treatment of choice for restoring function and reconstructing most edentulous
areas of the maxilla and mandible. One of the most common problems in oral implantology is insufficient bone height
between the alveolar ridge and the mandible canal, as a result of mandibular atrophy from edentulism. Generally,
alveolar bone defects can be reconstructed by either distraction osteogenesis (DO)or autogenous bone grafting
(ABG). This paper discussed implant successful rate in DO versus ABG. DO shows a higher successful rate of implant
than ABG with the result more esthetic, lower rate of infection and bone resorption, no pain at donor area, and
relatively uncomplicated.

Since the inroduction of disposable needles, breakage of needles within tissues have become extremely rare.
However, reports of needle breakage still appear. This paper discussed the cause of needle breakage, problem of
needle breakage, prevention of needle breakage, and management of needle breakage. If the needle broken during
anesthesia of the alveolar dental nerve process, the needle will probably be located in the pterygomandibular space.
It can migrate to vital structure.