Streptococcus mutans are bacteria that have important role in caries development. When caries lesion is developing, it
may invade to deeper tissues such as dental pulp and initiate cellular defenses such as neutrophil. Neutrophil is type of
leukocytes which are important in phagocytosis process. If neutrophil fails in phagocytosis, neutrophil will be lysis and
cause viability of neutrophil unprotected. Temulawak rhizome extract is predicted to increase viability of neutrophil
because it contains curcuminoids, volatile oil, saponin, flavonoid, and tannin. This research aimed of this research was
to determine the viability of neutrophil exposed by S.mutans and incubated in temulawak rhizomes extract 2.5%, 5%,
7.5%,10%, and 20%. Twenty four samples were divided into 6 groups, consisting of negative control, temulawak rhizome
extract 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, and 20%. The viability of neutrophil was observed under an inverted microscope using
trypan blue staining. This study concluded that temulawak rhizome extract 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10% could increase
viability of neutrophil exposed by S.mutans. Temulawak rhizome extract 5% has the effective concentration to increase
viability of neutrophil.

Questionnaire of modified dental anxiety scale (MDAS) have been translated into various languages such as Spain,
Greece, China, Romania, Turkey and Malaysia. However, no study has tested the reliability and validity of the MDAs
in the Indonesian version, so it can be used effectively to assess dental anxiety among Indonesian population. This
study aimed to determine the reliability and validity of the Indonesian version of MDAs. Analytic observational study
with cross sectional study was conducted in a patient population Dental Hospital Hasanuddin University that will be
extracted, filled and scalled, with purposive sampling technique. Realibility of dental anxiety level was tested with
Cronbach's alpha test, the provision is acceptable if the value is >0.6.Using product moment correlation test, validity is
accepted if the value is >0.3. Results showed the questionnaire MDAS in Indonesian version has good internal
consistency with the value of 0.862, and a valid value (0.706). Based on the characteristics of the respondents, only age
significantly affects anxiety level difference. It was concluded that the MDAS in Indonesian version has good reliability
and validity.

Palm wine from the palm is a typical drink of Maiwa, Enrekang. Bitter palm wine taken from fermented fruit of sugar
plant intercepts (Arenga pinnata) which is called sap. Excessive drinking palm wine can cause pathological effects in
the oral cavity, because the Palm wine have acidic pH that can affect the occurrence of dental erosion. The purpose of
this study was to determine the effect of palm wine consumption on the occurrence of dental erosion. This
observational analytic with cross sectional approach showed that from 100 samples, 75 people had suffered dental
erosion due to bitter palm wine consumption and 25 people did not suffer dental erosion because they consumed sweet
palm wine only. So, it was concluded that palm wine consumption affects the dental erosion in Maiwa, Enrekang.

Aging is a natural process which causes physical, psychological, and social deteriorations, so it can cause problems to
the elderly, especially health problems in Makassar. The local office of Health Department in Makassar determined the
optimum degree of health in accordance with result of indicators of Healthy Indonesia 2010 which were indicated by
the dental and oral health as an element of the quality of life. This research aims to observe the effect of complete
dentition on the quality of life of the elderly in Makassar. With the observational analytic study using a cross-sectional
design, the sample were chosen from the elderly who inhabit and settle in Makassar, South Sulawesi, above 60 years
old and had
≥ 20 teeth. The primary data were collected using OHIP-14 questionnaire. The results of simple linear
regression test using SPSS version 22 indicate that the elderly with complete dentition have a significance level of
0.003 which is smaller compared with the significance criteria (0.05). It was concluded that the condition of complete
dentition affect the quality of life of the elderly in Makassar.

Haruan is river-water fish usually consumed by South Kalimantan people. Haruan extract contains albumin, Zn, Fe,
Cu and unsaturated fatty acid which can act as antiinflammatory substances and accelarate wound healing. The aim of
this study is to examine effectiveness of haruan extract on lymphocyte count in infammatory phase of wound healing
process and compare it to ibuprofen. This study used true experimental method with post-test only control group design
and simple random sampling. Samples were divided into 5 treatment groups:which were given the extract for 7 seven
days: 25% haruan extract group, 50% haruan extract group, 100% haruan extract group, negative control K(-) using
aquadest, positive control K(+) given ibuprofen suspension with dosage of 20mg/kg weight/day. Lymphocyte cells were
observed using microscope and counted per field of view. Lymphocyte count reached its peak on day 5. Lymphocyte
count means in each group were 4,2 ± 0,566; 1± 0,000; 3,8 ± 2,546; 7,1 ± 0,141; dan 7,5 ± 3,818 respectively. Two
way ANOVA and post hoc LSD tests showed that lymphocyte count significantly decreased in 50% and 100% treatment
groups (p<0,05) and has equal effect with ibuprofen in decreasing lymphocyte count. This study concluded that haruan
extract significantly decreased lymphocyte count in wound healing process.

Oral candidiasis is one of clinical manifestations in aquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients. This condition
is a common opportunistic infection of the oral cavity caused by an overgrowth of Candida spesies
. The clinical types of
oral candidiasis are erythematous or atropic
, pseudomembranous, hyperplastic or chronic, and angular cheilitis. AIDS is
group of symptoms that resulting from infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This case is associated with the
decreasing of CD4 count. The aimof this study was to know the types of oral candidiasis on AIDS patients at Dr Wahidin
Sudirohusodo Hospital. This observational study
with a cross-sectional design examined 30 patients with AIDS who
suffered from
oral candidiasis, to determine its type after the diagnosis had confirmed by culture test. Their CD4 cell
count taken fromtheir medical records. The result showed that Pseudomembranous candidiasis were found to be higher
(76.7%), that was followed by angular cheilitis (23.3%), hyperplastic (16.7%), and erythematous (6.7%). They were
showed showed CD4 T cell count <200 cells/mm
3
(63.3%). From this study, it was concluded that pseudomembranous
candidiasis is the most common type and showed that CD4 T cell count <200cells/mm
from the AIDS patients.

Infections of Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), is a viral infection that is often in the form of primary gingivostomatitis.Its mild form usually provides subclinical symptoms that are not clear. Herpes virus transmission can occur throughcontact with secretions from the mouth mucocutaneous and patient’s genital. It is reported that a 10 years-old malepatient complaining of pain in the left corner of the lip and lower lip mucosa experienced since three days ago. Seven
days ago there was a similar injury in the right corner of his mouth. This condition was often experienced the patient.As its management of HSV-1, the patient was given acyclovir, paracetamol and vitamin B complex. After 7 days thepatient was declared healed. It is concluded that treatment for HSV-1 infected patients include causative treatment
together with analgesic and antipyretic. Patients are also prouded with supporting treatments, such as high-caloriand-protein
diluted
food,
multivitamins,
and
anastheticum
mouthwasher.